R&D on atomic energy defense in DOE is a smaller but still sizable component of the defense category ($7.75 billion in FY 2020, $7.91 billion in FY 2021). In FY 2021, RDT&E budget authority totaled $106.45 billion, with R&D totaling $68.19 billion. ![]() In FY 2020, total budget authority for RDT&E amounted to $104.96 billion, with R&D given $68.68 billion of the RDT&E total. Previously, DOD R&D was construed to include the total of RDT&E. In recognition of the Office of Management and Budget’s implementation of a narrowed definition of “development” described in its Circular A-11 (Section 84) of July 2016, the R&D data cited in this statistical series for DOD, starting with FY 2017, exclude funding classified as BA-7 from the RDT&E total. DOD funding for R&D is a subset of the full spectrum of these RDT&E activities. The most comprehensive DOD data in this report do not include funds in this newly identified BA-8 category. DOD’s regulations for financial management specify a number of budget activity categories that in turn reflect differing types of RDT&E efforts: Budget activity (BA)-1: Basic Research BA-2: Applied Research BA-3: Advanced Technology Development BA-4: Advanced Component Development and Prototypes BA-5: Systems Development and Demonstration BA-6: RDT&E Management Support BA-7: Operational System Development and, quite recently, BA-8: Software and Digital Technology Pilot Programs. RDT&E encompasses a broad spectrum of activities ranging from basic research to operational system development. Most of the R&D dollars in the National defense category arise in the military research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) programs at the Department of Defense (DOD). This category’s share of the federal R&D and R&D plant total was 48.0% in FY 2019, 48.2% in FY 2020, and 48.1% in FY 2021 ( table 3). The president’s proposed level for FY 2022 is a modest further decline (-1.1%) to $78.70 billion. The FY 2021 level (preliminary data) of $79.58 billion is a decline of 2.8% over the previous year. Data and facts mentioned, but not evident in this InfoBrief’s tables and figures, come from a companion statistical report cited in this InfoBrief’s Data Sources and Availability section ( ). R&D plant funding in the General science and basic research function mainly reflect investment in new or upgraded facilities and large-scale equipment for basic research in various fields-by agencies such as the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Science and NSF.īudget authority for R&D and R&D plant directed at National defense in FY 2020 totaled $81.87 billion, a 13.7% increase over the FY 2019 level of $72.03 billion ( table 1, figure 3). ![]() The amount for the National defense category in FY 2020 ($2.5 billion) is exceptionally large by comparison to amounts from other years in the time period. Over the FYs 2017–21 period, the most sizable budget authority amounts for R&D plant arise in the General science and basic research function (near or above $2 billion, annually) and to a lesser degree, but still relatively large (from $600 million to nearly $1 billion annually) in the National defense category ( table 2). The amount proposed for FY 2022 is $4.6 billion. The yearly R&D plant amounts over the remainder of the FYs 2017–21 period were in the range of $4 billion to $6 billion. In FY 2017, the $2.6 billion of budget authority classified as R&D plant amounted to 2.0% of the R&D and R&D plant total ( table 2). R&D plant is typically a small portion of the R&D and R&D plant total but is nonetheless an essential input for R&D activity. These reports are accessible on the NCSES website at. Previous editions of this Federal R&D Funding by Budget Function report series provide data by fiscal year on past administration proposals for federal government R&D funding compared to the budget authority subsequently enacted by Congress. ![]() For FY 2018, the president’s proposed R&D plus R&D plant funding level was $117.8 billion, but Congress enacted $144.5 billion for FY 2019, the proposed level was $123.8 billion, but the eventual spending legislation called for was $150.0 billion for FY 2020, $142.4 billion was proposed, but $164.8 billion was enacted and for FY 2021, $150.9 billion was proposed, but $165.6 billion (preliminary) was enacted. Another relevant trend occurring over these fiscal years has been that, generally, the funding levels for R&D in federal government budgets as proposed by the administration were often significantly increased by Congress in its subsequent debate and finalization of the annual spending legislation. The main contributors to these year-over-year changes in the total have been large, multi-billion dollar increases in the National defense and Health budget functions, as well as Space flight research in FY 2020.
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